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REQUIREMENTS
-Answer the mandatory essay (#1)
-Answer 2 other essays, one from each section below
-Optional: complete a 4
th essay for up to 10 extra credit points
-Use resource details to support every part of your essays
-Construct all 3 essays with: a descriptive title, an introduction, body, and conclusion
(works cited not necessary); proofread/edit your writing for accuracy, clarity, grammar, plagiarism, etc.
-Each essay should be approximately 2.5 pages each.
-All 3 (or 4) essays should be in a single document.
-Upload/attach essays document to the assignment prompt in D2L.

Mandatory/Required Essay (30 points)
Use the study guide on pages 3-5, to prepare for this essay
Use ALL of the following 13 concepts to discuss/explain what each concept means within the history
covered in the course thus far. In other words, write an essay which addresses the following themes, in
part of fully: The African background and Africa’s importance, slavery as a system, resistance to
slavery, and the state of African America, politically, culturally today and during antebellum period.
How do these 13 concepts help to tell the story of how the state of African America today is informed by
its African roots, its enslavement background including resistance and achievement of emancipation?
The concepts are: History, Rift Valley; Africanisms (in Black Culture); Bantu migration; Queen Njinga;
Enslavement system characteristics; Resistance to enslavement; Crispus Attuck; Phillis Wheatley;
Ethnology; D. Walker, N. Turner & W. L. Garrison; Frederick Douglas; “1850 Compromise”; John P.
Parker; Kansas-Nebraska Act; Dred Scott; Prudence Crandall; “Black people’s CNN”; and Jesse Jackson.
Use the attached fill-in-the-blank worksheet to practice/verify your understanding of the 20 concepts.

CHOOSE 2 ESSAYS (35 points each)
Present as Prologue Essay Options
Essay #1. African Americans experience serious debilitating life-chances inequities or disparities when
compared to whites in almost all socio-economic area, and this is so despite the the 1960s Civil Rights
achievements.

Describe/explain today’s state (condition) of African America in terms of the disparities (compared to
the white population) in the areas of employment, health, incarceration, wealth and politics/power. Did
the slavery experience contribute to these disparities between Blacks and whites; how so or how not
so? Despite the disparities, what do you see as specific current strengths (Hip-hop, elected officials,
Black live matters movement, etc.) of the African American community and how do these strengths
specifically work to relieve the relatively poor state/condition of African America?

Essay #2. Consider the significance of Africanisms in African American expressive culture, as explored in
Giddings’ “Afrocentric Jay-Z” essay: communal, oral, spiritual, matrifocal.
What is the meaning and significance of each Africanism to African American culture and history,
according to Giddings; what evidence/support is given for each of the 4 Africanism; what specific
examples from African culture match each of these 4 core values; are you by Giddings’ argument that
African American expressive culture (i.e., hip-hop) is connected to African culture?

Essay #3. Consider the historical and current significance of HBCU generally, and Central State University
and Wilberforce University in particular.
What specifically in the Wilberforce area’s 150 history has ensured the survival (against the odds) of its
2 HBCU; how do these and other HBCUs serve current students, professors, alumni, community
members and leaders? What unique role/s do Wilberforce and CSU play any unique role/s among
HBCUs; and in the larger context, which is the importance of HBCUs in training Black professionals
according to the National Science Foundation report?

Essay #4. Reflect on the importance of politicians whom we elect to represent us in the U.S. Congress
(House of Representatives and Senate) and specifically your own U.S. Representative (from the
congressional district where you live) and the 2 Senators from your home state, via their website and
other related sources.
Who (name, party affiliation, background, etc.) represent you in Congress; what are the issues important
to or prioritized by all or any one of these 3 politicians; what are your own views on these issues? What
other issues, important to African Americans, do you wish this/these politicians would address (i.e.,
police brutality, “the prison industrial complex”, employment disparities, health disparities, food
deserts, etc.)?
African Background & Enslavement Essays Options

Essay #5. Consider the unique and varied forms of slavery/servitude in Africa prior to engagement with
the Europeans trans-Atlantic “trade.”
How was slavery in Africa different from chattel slavery as practiced specifically in the U.S.? Discuss 3
forms of enslavement as practiced in Africa, and explain how each was different from U.S. chattel
slavery.

Essay #6. Consider/review U.S. enslavement holocaust as a four part/characteristic system. What are at
least 2 examples of enslavement, characterized/described as: forced, legal, resisted and contradictory?
Concerning the many ways in which the enslaved resisted bondage, what is at least one example of the
following forms of resistance: day-to-day, cultural, escape, and revolt, and how effective, in your
opinion, were these forms of resistance?

Essay #7. Consider/review the militant abolitionist movement of the 1830s and the 1850 national
events leading up to the U.S. Civil war. Describe any 3 militant abolitionist events: “The Liberator,”
“Appeal to the Coloured …,” and Turner’s South Hampton revolt, and explain how each event was
upsetting to the enslavement system of the southern U.S.? Furthermore, explain how the following
1850s national events, eventually contributed to 11 southern states seceding from the U.S. (Union): the
1850 Compromise (fugitive slave law), the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the Dred Scott Supreme Court
decision of 1857, John Brown’s revolt of 1859, the Underground Railroad, Harriett Beecher Stowe’s 1852
novel, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, and Abraham Lincoln’s 1860 election to the Presidency, etc.? In your view,
which one of these events was/were most influential in causing the southern secession and thus the U.S.
Civil War of 1860-1865?